Buffers

If we think of buffers as solutions made up of weak acids and their respective conjugate bases, these are not much harder than working with weak acids. The only real difference is that we know the (desired) pH, so know the H₃O⁺ ion concentration. Also, [H₃O⁺] is not equal to [conjugate base] in the Ka expression.

Equivalence Point

This is a very tough concept to get started on, but not too tough once you work out the concentration of the salt made at the equivalence point.

This video is very long, so it may be worth having a past exam question handy and regularly using the pause button: